When the LiberNovo Omni reclines, the Neck Support, backrest, seat, and armrests all adjust in automatically in synchronization. This allows the chair to adapt as you shift postures throughout the day.

The LiberNovo Omni is designed to provide gapless support for a wide variety of spinal shapes and curves. Driven by a 50mm motorized actuator, it integrates with the Bionic FlexFit Backrest to adjust the backrest profile to your unique curve. This combination ensures Dynamic Support and a personalized, gapless fit for every user.

The Bionic FlexFit Backrest is engineered with 14 dual-front connection points that unify 8 flexible panels into a single structure, contouring naturally to the spine. Utilizing a dual-layer spherical frame to manage 16 precise pivot points, the Bionic FlexFit Backrest provides fully customizable support tailored to various body shapes and spinal curves.

The lumbar support actuator is powered by a removable 2200 mAh battery. When the battery runs low, it can be taken out and recharged via a USB-C cable. A full recharge takes approximately 3 hours and 40 minutes.

The LiberNovo Omni features an ErgoPulse motor controlled by buttons on the armrest. Users can manually adjust the lumbar support height for a custom fit or engage OmniStretch Mode with the third button. This motor-driven system maintains a supportive S-curve for up to 300 lbs, ensuring Dynamic Support and spinal alignment in any position.

The LiberNovo Omni is available in two seat depth options: 45 cm Standard and 48 cm Extended.
To ensure you select the correct version, please follow the measurement steps outlined in the tutorial video and choose the size that provides the most appropriate fit.

The primary difference is the seat depth: the 48cm model is 3cm deeper than the 45cm version. Additionally, the 48cm model comes with a standard neck support, while the 45cm model features a shorter version. All other functions and structural designs are identical.

The OmniStretch feature provides active spinal traction by stretching the lumbar region. This movement helps gently expand the space between the vertebrae, relieving pressure on the spinal discs and allowing the lower back to relax and recover from the strain of long-term sitting.

The LiberNovo ergonomic chair consists of a neck support, backrest, support frame, electric actuator, armrests, seat cushion, gas lift, five-star base, casters, and a footrest.

The LiberNovo Omni offers several customizable settings to ensure a perfect fit:

Seat Height: Adjust the elevation to keep feet flat and knees level, reducing lower body strain.

Backrest Recline: A tilting backrest featuring four preset angles, allowing you to switch easily between focused work and relaxation.

Lumbar Support: Fine-tune the position and tension to match your spine’s natural curve.

4D Armrests: Fully adjustable height, width, and angle, with the ability to slide forward and back for optimal wrist and shoulder support.

Neck Support: Targeted, adjustable relief for the cervical spine to prevent tension.

Additional Footrest: An optional accessory for comprehensive leg support and ergonomic resting.

The LiberNovo Omni is built for anyone who prioritizes physical well-being during long hours of sitting. It is ideal for office professionals seeking to prevent desk-related strain, individuals looking to alleviate existing spinal discomfort, and gamers who need adaptive support for long sessions.

No, a charging cable is not included. However, the battery is compatible with any standard USB-C cable (5V/2A), similar to what you would use for a phone or a power bank.

After 60 minutes of charging, the battery will have about 30% power. For a 65kg user, this provides enough energy for 12 OmniStretch cycles (roughly 60 minutes of use).

After 30 minutes of charging, the battery will have about 15% power. For a 65kg user, this provides enough energy for 6 OmniStretch cycles (roughly 30 minutes of use).

After 10 minutes of charging, the battery will have about 5% power. This provides enough energy for 2 OmniStretch cycles (roughly 10 minutes of use) for a user weighing 65kg.

For an average-sized user (65kg / 170cm):
Full charge: ~3h 40m (Supports about 41 OmniStretch Mode cycles)
10 min charge: 2 cycles
30 min charge: 6 cycles
60 min charge: 12 cycles

Just pop the battery out and charge it with a USB-C cable—it’s exactly like charging a power bank. It takes about 3 hours and 40 minutes to hit a full charge.

On a full charge, you’ll get about a month of use (based on one OmniStretch Mode cycle and five lumbar adjustments per day). Keep in mind that battery life depends on how often you use it—and since the motors work harder for taller or heavier users, that can also affect how long a charge lasts.

Mesh chairs rely on the fabric deforming to fit your shape, which offers passive support that can feel quite stiff. They are also typically framed with hard edges that can be uncomfortable.

LiberNovo’s design uses specially engineered foam to provide active structural support. This offers a better fit and much higher comfort levels, as the foam holds its shape and provides a more cushioned, supportive feel without any hard frames digging in.

We chose foam specifically for its superior support and comfort. Since most homes and offices are climate-controlled, overheating isn’t typically an issue for most users. This design strikes the perfect balance—giving you the cushioning you need for long days without sacrificing practicality.

While mesh is common, it tends to concentrate pressure on specific points, which can lead to soreness during long sessions. We use specially engineered foam instead. By combining different firmness levels, the foam disperses your weight evenly, providing consistent comfort that doesn’t fade after hours of sitting.

Packaging Dimensions: 16.93 × 14.84 × 4.80 inches
Gross Weight: 6.61 lbs
Net Weight: 4.41 lbs

Unlike fixed, built-in footrests that are often flimsy or stuck in one spot, our independent two-level footrest adapts dynamically to how you’re sitting:

Level 1 (Ergonomic Support): Provides a stable base for your feet during long office sessions, keeping your posture aligned while you work.

Level 2 (Deep Relaxation): Allows you to kick your legs up when you want to lean back and fully relax.

Because it isn't attached to the chair frame, it provides much more stable, proactive support that stays exactly where you need it.

The footrest solves the common problem where a standard desk (usually 75cm high) doesn't quite match your height. It offers two height levels to ensure your feet have a solid base:

7 cm Height: Best for users between 170–190 cm (5'7""–6'3"").

12 cm Height: Best for users between 158–169 cm (5'2""–5'7"").

By choosing the right level, you avoid having your feet dangle, which keeps your legs and lower back in a much more natural, comfortable position.

Those fine surface lines are completely normal marks that form when the high-conductivity gel solidifies during the molding process. They are simply a result of the manufacturing technique and do not affect the quality or the cooling feel of the pad.

While the Cooling Seat Pad is designed for comfort, it is not recommended for everyone. Please take note of the following guidelines:

Sensitivity: It is not recommended for pregnant women, individuals with a high sensitivity to cold, or those with sensitive skin.

Weight Limit: The pad has a maximum load capacity of 136 kg (300 lbs).

Age Restrictions: Not for use by children under 3 years old. Children using the pad must be supervised at all times.

The Cooling Seat Pad uses an eco-friendly, non-toxic gel that meets RoHS safety standards. The gel is engineered to stay in a jelly-like state and is double-sealed within the pad, so it won’t leak under normal use.

Be sure to keep sharp objects away from the pad to avoid puncturing the outer layers.

No, the Cooling Seat Pad uses an advanced multi-network polymer gel. Compared to common gels found in other products, this material has a higher heat capacity and better conductivity. This means it can absorb more heat and keep you feeling cooler for a longer period.

This nozzle is the sealed injection port used during the manufacturing process. It is a critical part of the product's structure, so please keep the following in mind:

Do Not Open: Opening or tampering with the nozzle may cause the gel to leak or ruin the cooling effect.

Safety First: Keep the pad away from children to prevent them from squeezing the nozzle or accidentally swallowing any small parts.

No. The large surface area of the Cooling Seat Pad creates enough friction with the chair to keep it steady. If any slight shifting occurs over time, you can easily just slide it back into your preferred position.

Minor settling is normal after the Cooling Seat Pad has been under pressure for a long time. To help with this, the pad features a zoned design that distributes your weight evenly to minimize any changes in shape.

⚠ Do not stand, kneel, place heavy items, or apply excessive force on the Cooling Seat Pad.

The gel inside is designed to absorb and hold heat. After continuous use, it slowly pulls in your body heat, which eventually reduces that initial cool sensation. To refresh it, just place the Cooling Seat Pad in a ventilated area—or on a cool surface like wood or stone—for 15–30 minutes to let the heat dissipate.

The cooling effect can feel a bit weak immediately after being kept in sealed packaging during transport. After unpacking your Cooling Seat Pad, simply place it in a cool, ventilated area for about 30 minutes to restore its natural cooling effect.

Simply place the Cooling Seat Pad in a well-ventilated area or near an A/C vent for 15–30 minutes. This allows the gel layer to release stored heat and restores its natural cooling effect.

No, the surface of the fabric is designed to stay completely dry. Thanks to its 3-layer design (fabric, membrane, and gel), the pad provides a gradual cooling effect. It feels comfortably cool rather than icy cold, ensuring a pleasant experience even during long sessions.

We currently provide shipping to the following locations:
North America: United States and Canada
Asia: Japan
Europe: Germany, all other EU countries (except Cyprus, Malta, and the Canary Islands of Spain), and the United Kingdom

We currently have official Amazon stores in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Canada.

You can find all our official store links here: https://linktr.ee/libernovo

We currently do not ship directly to these countries. However, we have local distributors in each of these locations. You can purchase through their official websites below:

Singapore: https://libernovo.sg/
Australia: www.libernovo.com.au
Malaysia: https://libernovo.my/
South Korea: LiberNovo Naver Store
Saudi Arabia: https://www.saudi-damons.com/
Israel: https://newtons.co.il/

For items currently in stock, orders are typically processed within 1-2 business days. During peak periods, such as Kickstarter campaigns, processing may take up to 5 business days. Once your order has shipped, you will receive a confirmation email with your tracking information.

The actual delivery date depends on your specific address and the shipping method you select at checkout. For more detailed information, you can view the full shipping policy here: https://libernovo.com/policies/shipping-policy

Once your order has shipped, you will receive a confirmation email containing your tracking number. You can also monitor your order status at any time by logging into your account on our official website.

If your package is marked as delivered but you haven't found it yet, we recommend trying these steps, as they are often the quickest way to locate a shipment:

Verify the Details: Double-check that the delivery address on your order is correct. Also, verify with family members or neighbors to see if they accepted the package for you. 

Check the Area: Ensure the package wasn't placed in a less visible spot on your property or picked up by someone else.

Contact the Courier: Check your email or our tracking page for any ""attempted delivery"" notices and reach out to your local courier for specific delivery details.

If you have completed these steps and still can’t find your package, please contact our customer service team for further assistance

Worry-Free Protection (Seel)
If your order includes Worry-Free Protection and the package is lost, you can submit a claim directly through Seel for compensation:

Check your Email: Look for a policy email from Seel sent to the address used for your order. It contains your Policy ID and covered items.

File a Claim: Click the ""Report an issue"" button in that email or visit https://resolution.seel.com. Enter your email and order number (or Policy ID) and follow the prompts.

If you ordered a Pro Bundle or a Standard Bundle, we typically split the shipment into multiple packages due to weight and size limitations. Your items are on their way, they just might arrive in separate deliveries.

No, you will not be responsible for any customs duties (tariffs) on LiberNovo orders. We ensure that these costs are handled so that your delivery experience is as smooth as possible.

The LiberNovo Dynamic Ergonomic Chair is engineered and manufactured in China, where final quality control is also conducted. To ensure faster delivery, the chairs are shipped to you from our local overseas warehouses.

Warranty Coverage:
Main Components: 5 years (includes cushion, neck support, backrest, and all other non-electronic parts)
Electronics: 2 years (battery, actuator, and cables)

Non-service damage: Free parts or repairs for all Main Components (including the cushion), with shipping covered by LiberNovo.

Cosmetic damage: For cuts, burns, scratches, or normal wear, replacement parts are available for purchase.

LiberNovo provides a comprehensive limited warranty for the Omni chair to cover defects in materials and workmanship under normal use:

Main Components (5-Year Warranty): Includes the chair frame, seat base with armrests, backrest, backrest support bar, gas lift, and neckrest.

Electronic Components (2-Year Warranty): Covers the battery, actuator, and all related wiring.

If a manufacturing defect occurs, we will provide free repairs or replacement parts. For modular components, we will ship the parts to you at no cost and provide instructional videos for an easy replacement process.

We want you to feel completely comfortable with your purchase, so we offer a 30-day return policy to ensure the chair is the right fit for you. You can find all the details regarding returns and trials here: https://libernovo.com/policies/refund-policy

You are welcome to trial the chair, but please ensure it meets the following criteria:

Condition: No scratches, stains, odors, or damage.

Integrity: No original parts have been removed or modified.

Environment: The chair has not been used outdoors, in damp areas, or under direct sunlight.

Packaging: All accessories are included and repacked in the original packaging.

Yes, you can—as long as the 30-day return window hasn’t expired, and:
Condition: The chair body (backrest, seat, armrests, etc.) has no scratches, stains, or damage.

Accessories: All accessories (neck support, footrest, etc.) are intact and repacked.

Packaging: The original packaging box is not severely damaged (minor shipping marks are acceptable).

Returns are only accepted within 30 days of delivery.

If the original packaging is missing, a $20 fee will be charged for returns. We recommend folding and storing the box for 30 days.

The following are considered usage marks and may reduce your refund:

Surface Damage: Visible dents or stains on the seat or armrests.

Component Wear: Worn wheels or scratches with hair/dust accumulation.

Identification: Torn labels or unclear serial numbers.

Note: Normal trial sitting during your 30-day window won't affect your eligibility—we just ask that you avoid excessive wear or permanent damage.

Unfortunately, we are unable to process refunds once the 30-day return window has expired. We understand this may be disappointing and sincerely apologize; this policy is in place to ensure consistency for all of our customers. Thank you for your understanding.

Once your order is canceled, please allow 5 to 10 business days for the refund to appear in your account. The exact timing will depend on your bank's specific processing times.

You have 30 days to return your item, starting from the delivery date of the last package in your order.

We want you to love your LiberNovo Omni. If you’re not completely satisfied, you may return it within 30 days of delivery, subject to the following conditions:

Return Eligibility
Timeframe: Returns must be initiated within 30 days of the delivery date.
Condition: The chair must be in like-new condition, include all original accessories and manuals, and be repacked in its original packaging.
Exclusions: Custom-made or personalized items, such as custom upholstery, are non-returnable.

Refunds
Processing: Refunds are issued to your original payment method within 5–7 business days after we receive and inspect the product.
Shipping: Any original shipping costs are non-refundable.
Restocking Fee: If the product is not in like-new condition or is missing parts, a 15% restocking fee will be deducted from your refund.

Once we receive your return and complete the quality inspection, we will process your refund. Please allow 5 to 10 business days for the funds to appear in your account, depending on your bank's processing time.

To remove stubborn stains:
Blot stains quickly with a soft absorbent cloth to prevent setting.
Use a damp cloth or sponge with mild fabric cleaner or warm neutral soap solution.
Gently dab and repeat until lather appears.

Follow these steps for the best results:
Clean: Gently wipe the surfaces with a soft cloth dampened with warm water or a mild cleaner.
Dry: Use a clean, soft cloth to wipe the parts dry.

For fabric cleaning:
Vacuum: Use a vacuum cleaner with a soft brush head to gently remove dust.
Avoid Damage: Avoid using hard bristles or rotating brush heads, as they may damage the fabric surface.

Yes, the StepSync footrest is an optional add-on. You can purchase the LiberNovo Omni alone, include the footrest with your order, or buy the footrest as a standalone item.

If your order hasn’t shipped yet, please email us at support@libernovo.com or use our live chat for the quickest assistance in updating your address.

Once your LiberNovo Omni has shipped, we are unable to change the destination. In this case, we recommend contacting the local carrier directly to see if they can reroute the package for you.

If your order hasn’t shipped yet, please email us at support@libernovo.com or use our live chat for immediate assistance with any modifications.

However, once an order has shipped, we are unable to make any changes or modifications.

If your order has not yet shipped, please email us at support@libernovo.com or use our live chat for the quickest assistance with your cancellation.

If your LiberNovo Omni has already been shipped, we are unable to stop the delivery. In this case, you may refuse the package upon arrival to have it returned to us.

Please contact us immediately. Email us at support@libernovo.com with your order number and a brief description of the issue. To help us resolve this quickly, please include photos of the item you received, as well as any damage or quality concerns.

We're happy to assist with large-scale orders! Please contact our team at business_eu@libernovo.com with your requirements. We look forward to working with you! 

We're excited that you want to join our distribution network! Please reach out to sales@libernovo.com with your company information. We look forward to connecting with you!

If your neck support isn't adjusting, please follow these troubleshooting steps based on the issue:

Scenario 1: Horizontal (Forward/Backward) Adjustment

The Fix: You must press and hold the adjustment buttons on both sides of the headrest simultaneously to move it forward or backward.

Still Stuck? If it won't budge, please record a quick video showing you pressing the buttons while attempting to move it, and send it to us for review.

Scenario 2: Vertical (Up/Down) Adjustment

The Fix: Check the vertical rails for any obstructions or debris. Ensure the headrest is properly aligned and not tilted or caught on one side.

Still Stuck? Clear any visible blockages. If the movement remains rough or jammed, please send us a video of the rails and the sliding action so we can assist.

If the backrest on your LiberNovo Omni is difficult to recline or snaps back too forcefully, you can fine-tune the resistance using the Tension Adjustment Knob:

How to Adjust

Locate the Knob: Find the Recline Tension Adjustment Knob located underneath the right side of the seat.

Rotate Slowly: Turn the knob gradually until you reach your preferred tension level.

Test: Sit and test the recline after each adjustment until the movement feels natural.

Adjustment Guide

Too Stiff (Won't recline): Rotate the Recline Tension Adjustment Knob clockwise to increase the support force.

Too Loose (Snaps back): Rotate the Recline Tension Adjustment Knob counter-clockwise to decrease the resistance.

Important Tips
Stand up before adjusting to remove weight from the mechanism.
If the knob feels jammed or makes noise after a few turns, please send us a video for further help.

If you are unable to adjust the tension on your LiberNovo Omni, please try the following:

Check the Limit: If the knob won't turn further in one direction, it may have reached its limit. Try rotating it in the opposite direction.

Reseat the Knob: The knob may not be fully engaged. Try removing and reinserting it firmly, then attempt to adjust it again.

If the issue persists, please send us a video of the malfunction so we can provide further assistance.

If you can't change the recline angle on your LiberNovo Omni, please try these steps:

Lean Forward: You need to take your weight off the backrest to move the lever to a different setting. Lean forward so you aren't leaning against the chair, then try shifting the lever again.

Listen for the Click: The lever must be moved fully to the next position to work. Listen for a clear ""click,"" which confirms it has successfully shifted into a new setting.

Still Stuck? If it still won't budge, there might be a mechanical issue. Please record a quick video of the lever and backrest movement so we can troubleshoot this for you.

The LiberNovo Omni uses a snap-fit design to make the backrest easy to adjust, clean, or replace. If the clips have detached, simply align the backrest with the mounting points and press firmly until they snap back into place. If the problem persists or the clips won't stay secure, please contact our support team with a quick photo or video so we can resolve this for you.

This is usually related to the battery connection, battery charge level, or the USB-C charging cable.

Troubleshooting steps

Check the battery connection and charge
Remove the battery from the armrest and make sure it is fully and correctly inserted. If the battery is low, charge it for 30 minutes to 1 hour, then reinsert it and press the button again to see if the indicator light turns on.

Check the USB-C charging cable
If the light does not turn on during charging or after reinserting the battery, make sure the USB-C cable is securely plugged into the battery. If possible, try a different cable or power source to rule out a cable issue.

If the issue persists
If the problem remains after completing the steps above, there may be an issue with the battery contacts or internal circuitry. Please record a short video showing the battery, charging connection, and button operation, and send it to our support team for further assistance.

This is an intentional design feature built to provide stable, reliable arm support while preventing the mechanism from loosening over time.

Stability & Support: The armrest width adjustment is designed with higher resistance to keep your arms securely supported and prevent wobbling during use.

Long-Term Durability: This added tension ensures the adjustment mechanism remains reliable even after years of extended use.

Recommended Action: Try adjusting the armrests back and forth several times. As the internal components are used, the parts will settle in and the movement will naturally become smoother.

Further Assistance: If the adjustment still feels too stiff after repeated use, please record a short video of the movement and contact our support team.

The lubricant inside the armrest bearing is intentionally applied to ensure smooth, stable adjustment during use.

To maintain performance, please try to avoid direct contact with the exposed bearing area during adjustment. This helps prevent lubricant transfer to your hands and reduces dust buildup, ensuring the armrest continues to operate smoothly over time.

If you have any questions or concerns during use, feel free to contact our support team. We’re happy to help.

A red light indicates that the battery is low. When this happens, the control buttons are temporarily disabled. Just charge the battery and reinsert it; the buttons will then work normally again.

To adjust the armrest height, you must use the adjustment lever.

Press and hold the lever on the side of the armrest to raise or lower it. Once you release the lever, the armrest will lock into place.

If the armrest still cannot be adjusted while holding the lever, please record a short video showing the lever operation and armrest movement and send it to us via the chat window. Our support team will assist you as soon as possible.

If the armrest feels stuck in any direction, please check the following:

Inspect the guide rails
Look for visible damage, misalignment, or deformation where the armrest connects to the chair.
 
Check the mounting screws
Make sure the armrest screws are fully tightened. Loose screws can cause misalignment and jamming.
 
Clear debris from the rails
Remove any dust or debris from the guide rails. After cleaning, apply a small amount of lubricant and try adjusting again.
 
If the issue remains, please send us a short video showing the armrest movement and rail area, and our support team will assist you.

This is intentional and part of the chair’s design, not a quality issue. The backrest uses a flexible structure, and the fabric is designed to wrinkle slightly so it can better adapt to movement and shape changes as the backrest responds to your body, helping maintain consistent support. The wrinkles also reduce friction between the fabric and clothing, which helps prevent wear and extend the fabric’s lifespan. If wrinkles appear during use, simply smooth the fabric gently by hand.

This usually happens if the locking clip is not fully secured or if the clip is damaged.

What to check
Turn the footrest over and inspect the clip on the bottom.

If the clip is intact, the footrest may have detached during use. Align it with the slot on the support post and press it straight back into place.

If the clip is broken or deformed, the footrest may not stay attached properly.

When reinstalling the footrest, align it vertically with the slot and avoid applying force at an angle to prevent it from coming loose again.

If the clip is damaged
Please contact our support team. We will arrange a free replacement part or provide further assistance.

This is usually caused by a loose or unstable USB connection under the seat.

Check the USB-C Connection 
Look under the seat cushion to find the USB-C cable. It may have come loose or disconnected due to the chair's movement. Unplug the USB-C cable and then plug it back in firmly—ensure it is pushed all the way into the port. Once reconnected, test the buttons again to see if the functions have restored.

Further Assistance 
If the functions still don't respond after reinserting the cable, there may be an issue with the port or internal wiring. Please record a short video showing the USB-C cable being plugged in, the status of the port, and you pressing the buttons. Send this to our support team so our technicians can troubleshoot the issue for you.

A slight odor is normal with a new chair and usually comes from materials used during production, such as foam or packaging. These odors are non-toxic and safe to use.

To help the smell dissipate, place the chair in a well-ventilated area near a window or balcony, avoiding direct sunlight. Keep the area ventilated for at least two days. Using a fan to increase airflow can help speed this up.

During the first few days of use, avoid storing the chair in a closed or damp space. Keeping the area dry and well ventilated will help the odor fade more quickly. If you have any concerns, feel free to contact us.

This is normal and part of the chair’s ergonomic design. The armrest and rear support rod need adjustable clearance to accommodate different positions and usage scenarios, so a visible gap is intentionally built into the structure.

This design helps prevent binding during adjustments and ensures smoother, more effective movement. It is not an assembly issue or a quality defect. Please feel free to use the chair with confidence. If you have any further questions, we’re happy to help.

First, try to identify where the noise is coming from, such as the backrest, armrests, seat, or base, and note the type of sound you hear. Check whether the noise occurs during adjustment, movement, or while sitting still, and whether it changes with body weight.

If possible, repeat the action that causes the noise and record a short video with clear audio, focusing on the area where the sound occurs. You may also check whether any screws at major connection points are loose and tighten them if needed.

If the noise continues, please send us the video so we can help identify the cause and assist further.

Some motor noise is normal during operation. Based on lab testing, the motor typically produces less than 45 dB at a distance of 1 meter, which is audible in a quiet office but quieter than normal conversation.
If the sound feels noticeably louder or more unpleasant than expected, please check the following:

Break-in period: New motors, or motors that have not been used for a while, may sound louder at first. Try using the stretch function a few times and see if the noise decreases.
 
Excess load: Extra weight on the chair or excessive resistance during adjustment can increase motor noise. Remove any additional load and test again.
 
Loose components: Check that the motor housing and mounting screws are securely tightened. Loose parts can cause vibration or resonance noise during operation.
 
If the noise remains unusually loud:
Please record a short video capturing the motor sound during operation and the chair’s condition, and note the testing distance if possible. Our support team will review it and assist with further diagnosis and support.